Special Blood Tests

1. Absorption from the intestine.
2. By the breakdown of liver glycogen (glycogen is a starch like carbohydrate) to glucose.
3. By gluconeogenesis (a form of glucose from non–carbohydrates).

1. By synthesis of fats e.g. triglycerides.
2. Conversion to liver glycogen.
3. Conversion to muscle glycogen.
4. In synthesis of glycoproteins and lactose etc.

• The liver plays an important part by taking glucose from the blood and converting it into glycogen.
• Releasing glucose from glycogen and converting pyruvate to glucose.
• Muscle glycogen does not contribute directly to blood sugar. Glycogenolysis in the muscle produces locate, which is converted into glucose in the liver.
• Kidney plays its part by the re–absorption of glucose when the blood glucose level is below 150 – 170 mg/dl (threshold level).

• By increasing transport of glucose across the cell membrane.
• By promoting oxidation of glucose or glycogen to pyruvate and lactate.
• By increasing the formation of glucose from non–carbohydrates.
• By decreasing conversion of glycogen to glucose.
• By inhibiting conversion of protein to glucose and favoring a synthesis of protein from amino acids.
• By promoting the transfer of potassium phosphate and amino acids into the cells.

1. By increasing absorption of glucose from the intestine.
2. Decreasing the oxidation of glucose or glycogen to pyruvate and lactate.
3. Preventing synthesis of glycogen.
4. Stimulating synthesis of glycogen from glucose.
5. Stimulating the formation of glucose from non–carbohydrates.

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