Routine Urine Examination

• Normally 2 to 3 pus cells are present in HPF (high power field of microscope).
• If more than 5 it indicates urinary tract infection or non infectious condition such as fever, stress, dehydration irritation to urethra, bladder or urethra.

• Normally two to three present in males.
• Normally two to five present in females.
• More than five epithelial cells per HPF indicates tubular damage, pyelonephritis or kidney transplant rejection.

Granular cast in urine

• Normally absent.
• There are hyaline cysts, red cell cysts, white cell cysts, granular cysts, waxy cysts, and fatty cysts. They are present due to kidney disorders.
• Occasional Hyaline cysts may be present due to physical exercise and physiological dehydration.
• Granular cysts may be present after strenuous exercise for a short duration.

Unusual fine sheaves of Calcium Phosphate
• Amorphous urates of sodium, potassium or calcium are present normally.
• Amorphous phosphates of calcium and magnesium are present normally.

• Uric acid, calcium sulphate, calcium oxalate and ammonium magnesium phosphate (triple phosphate) crystals are indicative of the presence of kidney stones.
• Hippuric acid, calcium carbonate, ammonium biurate and calcium phosphate crystals are non–significant.
• Following crystals, found in acidic urine indicate abnormal metabolism – cystine, cholesterol, leucine, tyrosine, bilirubin, hematoidin and sulphonamides.

Ammonium Biurate

• Normally absent.
• If present indicates infection.

• Normally absent.
• May be present in acidic urine containing sugar.

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