DHEA
Dehydroepiandrosterone (pronounced dee–hi–dro–epp–ee–ann–dro–stehr–own), or DHEA as it is more often called, is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It is the most abundant steroid in the bloodstream and is present at even higher levels in brain tissue. Dehydroepiandrosterone levels are known to fall precipitously with age, falling 90% from age 20 to age 90. DHEA is known to be a precursor to the numerous steroid sex hormones (including estrogen and testosterone) which serve well–known functions, but the specific biological role of Dehydroepiandrosterone itself is not so well understood.

It is difficult for researchers to separate the effects of DHEA from those of the primary sex steroids into which it is metabolized. The apparent lack of any direct hormone action for DHEA has prompted the suggestion that it may serve the role of a “Buffering hormone” which would alter the state–dependency of other steroid hormones. Although the specific mechanisms of action for DHEA are only partially understood, supplemental DHEA has been shown to have anti–aging, anti–obesity and anti–cancer influences. In addition, it is known to stabilize nerve–cell growth and is being tested in Alzheimer’s patients.

Our understanding of the specific mechanisms of DHEA in metabolism has recently been advanced by the publication of The Biologic Role of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), edited by Mohammed Kalimi and William Regelson [1990]. This book presents 24 chapters from scientists around the world who are conducting DHEA research. The breadth of the work is impressive. As Dr. Regelson, Kalimi and Loria stated in their introductory remarks, “DHEA modulates diabetes, obesity, carcinogenesis, tumor growth, virus and bacterial infection, stress, pregnancy, hypertension, collagen and skin integrity, fatigue, depression, memory and immune responses”. With this wide range of potential clinical uses, it is amazing that more books about Dehydroepiandrosterone have not been written.

The introductory chapter, by the editors and Roger Loria, briefly reviews DHEA’s biochemistry, endocrinology, and potential clinical uses. They contend that it is perhaps the most significant endocrine biomarker known, and further postulate that all of its effects may be explained by its action as a precursor hormone which provides “A host of steroid progeny with which to maintain the broad balance of host response related to species and individual survival”.

DHEA and Cancer
Early reports from England [Bulbrook, 1962, 1971] suggested that DHEA was abnormally low in women who developed breast cancer, even as much as nine years prior to the onset or diagnosis of the disease. Of the 5000 women followed in the study, 27 developed cancer. Most of the 27 had abnormally low levels of DHEA. If low DHEA levels contributed to breast cancer, might the opposite be true? Many years later, Dr. Arthur Schwartz of Temple University found that supplemental DHEA significantly protected cell cultures from the toxicity of carcinogens. Cell cultures usually respond to powerful carcinogens with mutations (changes in DNA), transformations (changes in cell appearance), and a high rate of cell death. But when Schwartz added Dehydroepiandrosterone along with the carcinogen, all three of these effects were significantly diminished.

Subsequent studies [Schwartz, 1979] identified powerful protective effects of supplemented DHEA for breast–cancer–prone mice. The results of the experiment was clear after 8 months. The control animals were “Getting cancer left and right” while the DHEA animals had no tumors. Although DHEA is now beginning to be tested in human cancer, it is still too early to know whether the successes achieved in animals will be realized in humans.

The Anti–Obesity Factor
At about the same time that Schwartz was investigating the anti–cancer properties of DHEA, Dr. Terrence T. Yen was studying the effect of DHEA on genetically obese mice. Although the DHEA–treated mice ate normally, they remained thin – and they lived longer than control mice. This “Leanness” effect was also conspicuously noted by Dr. Schwartz. In another experiment, Dr. M. P. Cleary found that even middle–aged obese rats lost weight when fed DHEA–supplemented food. Diabetes, a typical complication of obesity, was also dramatically decreased.
DHEA and Glucose Metabolism
Investigators have shown that DHEA inhibits Glucose–6–Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PDH), an enzyme that breaks down glucose. There are two glucose–metabolizing pathways in the body, the catabolic, energy–yielding pathway and the anabolic, biosynthetic pathway. G6PDH happens to be the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway, the one which results in the synthesis of fatty acids and ribose (the sugar used in making deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA). In simple language, G6PDH turns glucose into fat.

DHEA’s inhibition of G6PDH may redirect glucose from anabolic fat–production into catabolic energy metabolism, thus creating a leaner metabolism. This function of Dehydroepiandrosterone is well reviewed by Arthur Schwartz and colleagues in their chapter on “The Biological Significance of Dehydroepiandrosterone” in The Biologic Role of Dehydroepiandrosterone. They assert that DHEA–mediated reductions in Ribose–5–Phosphate activity may be centrally responsible for the anti–tumor promoting, anti–tumor initiating, and possibly the anti–atherogenic properties of DHEA. They also note that DHEA 1) produces hepatomegaly (liver enlargement), 2) stimulates liver catalyses activity (a protective antioxidant enzyme), and 3) causes proliferation of peroxisomes (cellular organelles which specialize in oxidative processing and the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide). The absence of such influences with synthetic analogs of DHEA (like 16–alpha – fluoro – 5 – androsten – 17 – one) prompts Schwartz and colleagues to recommend that such analogs be considered for clinical applications in humans. Toxicity factors still need to be assessed.

DHEA and Appetite
In different experiments, Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation has resulted in increased, decreased and unchanged food consumption. Dr. Schwartz found that it is the level of dietary fat influences food consumption. DHEA–treated rats on a high–fat diet ate less food than control rats while those on a low–fat diet ate more.

Since DHEA inhibits G6PDH activity and suppresses the body’s ability to synthesize fat from carbohydrate, dietary sources of fat become more important. This can affect changes in appetite. But despite possible increases in food intake, DHEA–treated animals consistently weighed less than control animals. In other words, increases in appetite, when indulged, did not negate the anti–obesity property of DHEA.

DHEA and Aging
The body’s production of Dehydroepiandrosterone drops from about 30 mg at age 20 to less than 6 mg per day at age 80. According to Dr. William Regelson of the Medical College of Virginia, DHEA is “One of the best biochemical bio–markers for chronological age”. In some people, DHEA levels decline 95% during their lifetime – the largest decline of an important biochemical yet documented. In animal studies, Dehydroepiandrosterone extends rodent life spans up to 50%. The animals not only lived longer, they looked younger. The graying, course–haired controls could easily be distinguished from the sleek, black–haired, DHEA–treated animals.

DHEA levels are directly related to mortality (the probability of dying) in humans. In a 12–year study of over 240 men aged 50 to 79 years, researchers found that DHEA levels were inversely correlated with mortality, both from heart disease and from all causes. This finding suggests that DHEA level measurements can become a standard diagnostic predictor of disease, mortality and lifespan. Furthermore, if animal results hold true, supplemental DHEA may prevent disease, reduce mortality, and extend lifespan in humans.

Enhancing Brain Function
DHEA may also be intimately involved in protecting brain neurons from senility–associated degenerative conditions, like Alzheimer’s disease. Not only do neuronal degenerative conditions occur most frequently when DHEA levels are lowest, but brain tissue contains many times more DHEA than is found in the bloodstream. One of the scientists at the forefront of this field of research is Dr. Eugene Roberts who found that very low concentrations of Dehydroepiandrosterone were found to “Increase the number of neurons, their ability to establish contacts, and their differentiation” in cell cultures. He also found that Dehydroepiandrosterone also enhanced long–term memory in mice undergoing avoidance training. It may play a similar role in human brain function.

Drs. Roberts and Fitten report initial research on “Serum steroid levels in two old men with Alzheimer’s disease before, during and after oral administration of DHEA” in the book “The Biologic Role of Dehydroepiandrosterone”. Roberts’ and Fitten’s data are the best we’ve seen regarding acute and chronic changes in numerous hormone levels following various oral doses of Dehydroepiandrosterone (see adjacent graphs). Because of the short peak duration of Dehydroepiandrosterone (heavier line in illustration), they recommend that future studies or therapeutic trials use time–release capsules or transdermal patches to provide more uniform delivery of DHEA.

DHEA and Immune Function
DHEA is known to enhance general immune response. Oral and subcutaneous DHEA has been observed to protect rodents against the lethality of RNA and DNA viruses, and lethal bacterial infections. Dr Loria, Regelson and Padgett report in “The Biologic Role of Dehydroepiandrosterone”, that a single subcutaneous dose of Dehydroepiandrosterone is considerably more effective in protecting against infection than oral dosing. Intraperitoneal [within the abdominal cavity] injections were completely ineffective.

Dr. Loria and colleagues noted that subcutaneous dosing did not result in the typical weight loss observed with oral Dehydroepiandrosterone. Presumably it works by a different mechanism. DHEA has been reported to counteract the thymic involution [shrinking of the thymus gland] and immuno–suppression caused by corticosteroids. But the special role of skin tissues in the immune facilitating properties of DHEA suggest a different mechanism is involved. Cutaneous immune cells, such as Langerhans cells and keratinocytes, are believed to play a role in “Immune surveillance” and “Antigen presentation”. These cells may be a site of DHEA’s action. Subcutaneous injection of DHEA results in the “Formation of a local deposit leading to a relatively prolonged exposure to the lymphoid system”. Dehydroepiandrosterone skin patches might provide a similar exposure.

Neither DHEA nor androstenediol have any direct (in vitro) antiviral activity. The amount of viral load in heart, spleen, pancreas, liver and blood tissues was unaffected by either Dehydroepiandrosterone or androstenediol administration. The effect of these steroids appears to be strictly mediated through stimulation of lymphocytes, lymphoid organs, and immune–modulating cytokines [immune hormones].
DHEA: The Buffering Steroid?
DHEA may be unique among hormones for it’s lack of specificity for hormone receptor sites. Just as vitamin E has never been shown to have a specific metabolic role (it is only proved essential as a general antioxidant), DHEA may serve an equally general purpose. “DHEA is the first example of a buffer action for hormones that I know of,” states William Regelson. “It is a broad–acting hormone that only demonstrates itself under a specific set of circumstances. In that way, it is like a buffer against sudden changes in acidity or alkalinity. That is why when you get older, you’re much more vulnerable to the effects of stress. As Dehydroepiandrosterone declines with age, you are losing the buffer against the stress–related hormones. It is the buffer action that [helps prevent] us from aging.” The decrease of DHEA with age may result in gradual decline of a system for suppressing enzyme systems responsible for creating the building blocks of new cells, like lipids, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) and sex steroids. The resulting rise in enzymatic activity in advanced age may be responsible for the proliferative events (cancer) and degenerative disease that become more frequent in advanced age. In this respect, DHEA might be best considered to be an anti–hormone, which might “De–excite” steroid–sensitive receptors that would otherwise lead to enhanced metabolic activity.

Dosage
Exact dosages for humans have not been clearly determined. Daily dosages vary from 5 to 10 mg to as much as 2000 mg, with 5, 10, 25 and 250 mg being the range for typical tablet and capsule sizes. DHEA is usually split into 2–4 daily doses, especially at the higher dosage levels. We recommend that dosage be adjusted to bring blood Dehydroepiandrosterone and DHEA–S measurements towards young–adult levels. These blood tests can be ordered by your physician (don’t forget to get your first test before you start taking DHEA).

Conclusion
Because of its generally universal function in human metabolism, DHEA is being associated with numerous human maladies. For example, DHEA has recently been found to have a highly statistically significant correlation with vertebral bone density in postmenopausal women suggesting that DHEA (and other weak androgens) may protect against osteoporosis. This, and its low toxicity, may tend to give DHEA the same panacea stigma that the antioxidants vitamin E and C suffer.

Regulatory Difficulties
In Europe, DHEA is already available as a drug in 5 and 10 mg doses (although it has been hard to obtain). It is used primarily for the treatment of menopause. In the United States, DHEA must first be approved as a drug by the FDA before it can be marketed for medical purposes. Unfortunately, this is an adversarial process (the drug companies advocating for the drug and the FDA demanding proof of efficacy and safety) which takes up to 100 million dollars and a decade to accomplish. Without a patent to restrict competition, prices cannot be raised high enough to recover the investment in the approval process. DHEA is an unpatentable substance.

References
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Chen TT, et al. Prevention of obesity in Avy/a mice by Dehydroepiandrosterone. Lipids 12: 409–13, 1977.
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Kahn, Carol. Beyond the Double Helix: DNA and the Quest for Longevity, Times Books, 1985, page 143. A thorough and highly readable “Inside” account of DHEA research.
Loria RM, Regelson W and Padgett DA. Immune response facilitation and resistance to virus and bacterial infections with Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). In: The Biologic Role of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Mohammed Kalimi and William Regelson [Eds], page 107–130, Walter de Gruyter, New York, 1990. ISBN 3–11–012243–X.
Loria RM and Padgett DA. Androstenediol regulates systemic resistance against lethal Infections in mice. Annals of NY Academy of Sciences 685: 293–95, 1993.
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Yen TT, Allan JA, Pearson DV, Acton JM and Greenberg MM. Prevention of obesity in Avy/a mice by Dehydroepiandrosterone. Lipids 12: 409–13, 1977. by Ward Dean, M.D., and Steven Wm. Fowkes