Cells

1. Pus Cells
   Normally, a few are present. More than a few indicates bacillary dysentery or ulcerative colitis.
2. Epithelial Cells
   Normally a few are present. If many are present, however, it indicates inflammation of the bowels.
3. Macrophages
   Normally, present only occasionally.
   If many are present, it indicates bacillary dysentery or ulcerative colitis.
4. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
   Normally absent. If present, it indicates lesions in the colon, rectum or the anus. If clumped, it means amoebiasis (a kind of infective dysentery).

Crystals

1. Triple phosphate or calcium oxalate crystals: Normally present due to indigestion of foods like spinach, tomatoes, berries etc.
2. Charcot Leyden crystals: Normally absent. If present, it indicates ulcerative conditions or amoebiasis
3. Hematoidin crystals: Normally absent. If present, it indicates intestinal hemorrhage.

Vegetable Matter

1. Normally present as residual constituents.

Animal Matter

1. Normally present as residual contents, or undigested fibers.

Undigested Ingredients

1. Starch
   Normally absent. If present in a high proportions, it indicates indigestion.
2. Fat
   Normally absent. If present in high proportions, it indicates indigestion.

Other Findings

1. Yeast cells: Normally present.
2. Bacteria: Normally gram negative are present.

If a high percentage of gram positive bacteria are present, it indicates intestinal ulceration.

Intestinal Protozoa
There are pathogenic and non–pathogenic protozoa found in stool.
Non–pathogenic

• Entamoeba coli–cysts or vegetative form.
• Iodamoeba butschili – cysts.
• Endolimax nana – cysts.

Pathogenic

• Entamoeba histolytica – cysts or vegetative form.
• Giardia lamblia–cysts.
• Balantidium coli–cysts.
• Giardia lamblia – vegetative form.

Nematohelminths
They are pathogenic in nature. The different kinds of worms found are:

1. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm).
2. Trichuris trichuria (whipworm).
Egg of Trichuris trichiura
3. Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm).
4. Ankylostoma duodenale (hookworm).
5. Nectar americanus.
6. Strongyloides stercoralis.

Platyhelminths
They are pathogenic in nature:

1. Taenia saginata.
Eggs of Ascaris Lumbricoides
2. Taenia solium (tape worms).

The different kinds of tape worms found are:

1. Beef tape worm.
2. Pork tape worm.
3. Dwarf tape worm.
4. Dog tape worm.

Trematodes
They are pathogenic in nature, generally known as fluke:

1. Schistosoma hematobium.
2. Schistosoma mansoni.
3. Schistosoma japonicum.