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  • Tragal Perichondrium and Cartilage in Reconstructive Tympanoplasty

Tragal Perichondrium and Cartilage in Reconstructive Tympanoplasty

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Discussion:
Pathological-Defects Pathological-Defects
For many years the so called conservative methods of radical mastoid operations (Barany, Bondy, Citelli, Heerman, Stacke) were done in the clearance of disease but none of these proved better. At later dates Farrior, House, Lempert, Morrison added some minor variations in the technique of reconstructive tympanoplasty but still could not achieve the good results because the recurrence of the disease was very high. To modify these Victor Goodhill, Heerman and Heerman demonstrated their new techniques which prevented the recurrence of the cholesteatoma and gained the high success rates.

Distinct Advantages of Tragal Cartilage Graft Distinct Advantages of Tragal Cartilage Graft
In this study 600 ear operations were performed with tragal perichondrium and cartilage as a composite graft in various types of middle ear reconstructions such as myringoplasty, ossiculoplsty, osseous reconstructions and mastoid obliterations. This study was done at K.E.M. Hospital E.N.T. department, Pune during 1980–2000. We have presented our observations of this reconstructive study of 20 years and found that the tragal cartilage is an ideal graft for the reconstructive middle ear surgery.

In the simple myringoplasty group the tragal perichondrium and cartilage achieved 96% success rate, the small, large and subtotal central perforations healed well in six weeks time. The inlay and onlay methods were used in the neotympanic reconstruction. In the total perforations and missing annulus the perichondrium angle was appropriate fit in forming the new annulus the perichondrium angle was appropriate fit in forming the new annulus. By this technique the blunting and lateralisation of the graft was prevented from the various cartilage assemblies in ossicular reconstruction achieved excellent stability and contact to bridge the gap in transformer mechanism. The incudostapedial gap was restored by cartilage sturt and maintained assembly. The malleostapedial, malleofootplate assembly proved good in restoring hearing.

Ideal Graft Ideal Graft
In TORP. & PORP ossicular graft the interposed tragal cartilage and drum have increased the ossicular stability and improved hearing to 75% (Victor Goodhill). Chronic endotympanic depression is a pathological entity which leads to atelectasis, retraction pockets and cholestestoma formation. The tragal cartilage and perichondrium composite graft intervention has prevented the recurrence of the cholesteatoma pocket adhesions and tympanosclerosis. The postop results were dryhealed middle ears with good hearing.

Results of Cartilage Tympanoplasty Results of Cartilage Tympanoplasty
During the study it was observed that middle ear patology of 40% perforaytions of safe and unsafe types, 4% adhesive otitis media, 6% tympaosclerosis, 30% retraction pockets and 20% cholesteatoma sacs. All these pathologies were corrected by radical removal and tragal cartilage reconstruction.

In mastoid obliteration the palisade cartilageplasty proved in gaining dry cavities in 70% of the cases. The Eustachian tubal obstruction was relieved by tunnelplasty and improved the good middle ear aeration. The cartilage bridge over promontory and hypotympanum assures the proper contact with stapes and in the combined approach tymparoplasty procedure the recurrence of cholesteatoma in the sinus tympani and facial recess could be prevented by incorporating the composite tragal cartilage and perichondrium. In open cavities the tympanocartige stapedopexy improved the hearing. It was our observation that biological material like tragal cartilage, perichondrium, facia or ossicles etc. are much better than nonbiological materials in reconstructive surgery.
Poor Results in Cartilageplasty Poor Results in Cartilageplasty
The survival rate of tgragal graft material is much better than nonbiological materials.

The extrusion rate of cartilage is very minimal as compared to the other graft materials. The review of literature revealed the different extrusion rates of different materials, such as autologous, 1.19%, isografts 3.06% the synthetics 5.04%, human dentine 7.14%, gold prosthesis 8.7%. Overall the tragal cartilage and perichondrium proved to be the best graft materials in reconstructive tympanoplasty which is universally accepted.



 
Table VIII :Extrusion rates of commonly used graft materials:
Graft material Extrusion rate (%)
Autograft 1.19
Isograft 3.06
Synthetic 5.04
Human Dentine 7.14
Gold prosthesis 8.70

Table IX :Results of cartilage tympanoplasty: P=0.0001 by chi square:
Group Success (%) Failure (%)
Myringoplasty 96 04
Ossiculoplasty 84 16
Osseusplasty 75 25
Mastoid obliteration 70 30

Table X – Poor results in cartilageplasty:
Causes No. of cases
Displacement 12
Fibrosis 10
Absorption 06
Infection 08
Total 36

TABLE V – Pathological Defects:
Type of Pathology No. of Cases Percet
Performation 240 40
Adhesive Otitis media 24 04
Tympanosclerosis 36 06
Retration pocket 180 30
Cholesteatoma 120 20
Total 600 100


Table VI – Ossiculoplasty:
Lesion No. of cases Percent
Attic 55 50
Posterosuperior quadrant 33 30
Posterior canal wall 11 10
Eustachian tube 11 10
Total 110 100

Table VII – Ossicular Status (300 cases): –P=0.0001 by Chi square:
Structure Normal Eroded Destroyed
Maleus 120 72 108
Incus 000 96 204
Stapes 108 00 192

Conccusion Conccusion
In view of the above study we strongly recommend the tragal perichondrium and cartilage composite graft in various tympanoplasty reconstructions. The main reason being the cartilage is easily available at the site of operation, nontoxic, less, extrusion, minimum shrinkage, and lateralisation above all it is very cost effective to our patients. The hearing improvement within 15db of bone conduction has become almost a standard criterion for the analysis of surgical success.



References
    Extrusion Rate of Commonly Used Graft Material Extrusion Rate of Commonly Used Graft Material
  • Aeaham Evitor and Bronx NY: Tragal perichondrium and cartilage in reconstructive ear surgery, Laryngoscopy, 88 (Suppl.): 1–23,1978.
  • Heerman and Heerman tympanoplasty and mastoidoplasty, Laryngorhinootology, 46:370–382, May 1968.
  • Plester D.: Myringoplasty methods, Archieves otolaryngology, 78:310–316, Sept.1963.
  • House H. P.: Surgical repair of the perforated drum, Annales otorhinolaryngology, 62 : 1072–1093, 1956.
  • Goodhill Victor, Harris I., and Brockman S. J.: Tympanoplsty with perichondrium graft, Archieves otolaryngology, 79, 131, 1963.
  • Claus Jansen : Cartilage tympanoplasty, Laryngoscope, 73: 1288, 1963.
  • Heerman and Heerman: Fascia and cartilage palisade tympanoplasty, Archieves otology, 91 : 228–241, 1970.
  • Victor Goodhill: Tragal perichondrium and cartilage in tympanoplasty, Archieves otology, 85:480–491,1963.
  • Jansen C.: Use of perichondrium for tympanoplasty, Archives ohren, 182:610–614, 1963.
  • Shea J. J.: Vein graft in tympanic reconstruction, Journal of laryngootology, 74:358–362, 1960.
Contributed by Dr. K. K. Desarda
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